In summary, the complex relationships between climate variables and the growth of algae in lakes with different regions. In North America, chlorophyll-a growth rates decline with increased temperature and precipitation, while in Europe, they increase with increased temperature but decline with increased precipitation. This could be due to the difference in climate between the two regions, with North America having relatively lower temperatures. The algae species in North America may be better adapted to low temperatures than those in Europe. Oligotrophic lakes are more dependent on precipitation, while eutrophic lakes are more dependent on temperature. Eutrophic lakes are more susceptible to environmental factors and can easily transition to hypereutrophic or meta-eutrophic states. The direct gradient analysis with NMDS for climate as a factor shows that the distribution of lake samples between North America and Europe differs. Samples in North America are positively affected by temperature difference and mean warmest month temperature but negatively affected by mean coldest month temperature and mean annual temperature. In contrast, samples in Europe are mainly divided into three groups, with both weak and strong correlations with temperature and strong correlations with precipitation. The differences in the distribution and characteristics of the lake samples in Europe may have resulted in varying environmental conditions, leading to different types of algae. The Summer Heat-Moisture Index (SHM) is strongly positively related to response variables, indicating that warmer and drier conditions during summer can create a more suitable environment for algae growth. The correlation between precipitation and chlorophyll growth rate is not always instantaneous and may be delayed. Precipitation during winter and spring can have a delayed positive effect on chlorophyll growth rate during the growth period, while extreme weather events like floods can have an instantaneous negative impact.
The main limitation of this article is the uneven distribution of samples, and the overall trend and correlation may be inaccurate due to too many samples of eutrophic status. At the same time, the climate environment is complex, and many factors may produce potential interactions. Some variables' correlations may not be simply 1+1=2, but equal to 3 or 4, or more. For example, high temperatures and high nutrient availability can both facilitate algae's growth. But The increased temperature will also impact nutrient availability and other related variables. And those affected variables may also affect the Algae's growth. Although the relationship between climate variables and chlorophyll-a concentrations in aquatic ecosystems has been basically established, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Future research could focus on investigating the interactions that temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation affect nutrient availability, algal growth, and productivity. With the potential for more extreme weather events due to global warming, understanding the impacts of these events on algal communities and water quality, especially in high-latitude areas are essential.
The main limitation of this article is the uneven distribution of samples, and the overall trend and correlation may be inaccurate due to too many samples of eutrophic status. At the same time, the climate environment is complex, and many factors may produce potential interactions. Some variables' correlations may not be simply 1+1=2, but equal to 3 or 4, or more. For example, high temperatures and high nutrient availability can both facilitate algae's growth. But The increased temperature will also impact nutrient availability and other related variables. And those affected variables may also affect the Algae's growth. Although the relationship between climate variables and chlorophyll-a concentrations in aquatic ecosystems has been basically established, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Future research could focus on investigating the interactions that temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation affect nutrient availability, algal growth, and productivity. With the potential for more extreme weather events due to global warming, understanding the impacts of these events on algal communities and water quality, especially in high-latitude areas are essential.
Reference
Introduction
Alaska Nature and Science. 2022. High-latitude Climate Change. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/aknatureandscience/hi-latclimatechange.htm#:~:text=Climate change is occurring faster,helps keep the planet cool.
Australian Government. 2002. River flows and blue_green algae. www.rivers.gov.au.
Center For Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. Causes and Ecosystem Impacts. https://www.cdc.gov/habs/environment.html.
ChemTalk. 2022. The Haber Process. https://chemistrytalk.org/haber-process/.
EARTH, N. 2009. Arctic Amplification. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/81214/arctic-amplification.
E., C. 1997. A trophic state index for lakes. Limnologica:1–9.
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2022. Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms. https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/climate-change-and-harmful-algal-blooms#:~:text=Toxic blue-green algae thrive,temperatures are warmer than usual.
Juneja, A., R. M. Ceballos, and G. S. Murthy. 2013. Effects of environmental factors and nutrient availability on the biochemical composition of algae for biofuels production: A review. Energies 6:4607–4638.
Macintyre, H. L., A. L. Stutes, W. L. Smith, C. P. Dorsey, Annabraham, and R. W. Dickey. 2011. Environmental correlates of community composition and toxicity during a bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Plankton Research 33:273–295.
Marquez, I. A., A. Abraham, and J. W. Krause. 2020. Organic polymer consumption facilitates domoic acid entry into the marine food web without direct ingestion of Pseudo-nitzschia. Harmful Algae 98.
Råman Vinnå, L., I. Medhaug, M. Schmid, and D. Bouffard. 2021. The vulnerability of lakes to climate change along an altitudinal gradient. Communications Earth and Environment 2.
Discussion
Alaska Nature and Science. 2022. High-latitude Climate Change. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/aknatureandscience/hi-latclimatechange.htm#:~:text=Climate change is occurring faster,helps keep the planet cool.
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2022. Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms. https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/climate-change-and-harmful-algal-blooms#:~:text=Toxic blue-green algae thrive,temperatures are warmer than usual.
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2023. The Effects: Dead Zones and Harmful Algal Blooms. https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-dead-zones-and-harmful-algal-blooms#:~:text=Dead zones are generally caused,time%2C also called algae blooms.
Alaska Nature and Science. 2022. High-latitude Climate Change. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/aknatureandscience/hi-latclimatechange.htm#:~:text=Climate change is occurring faster,helps keep the planet cool.
Australian Government. 2002. River flows and blue_green algae. www.rivers.gov.au.
Center For Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. Causes and Ecosystem Impacts. https://www.cdc.gov/habs/environment.html.
ChemTalk. 2022. The Haber Process. https://chemistrytalk.org/haber-process/.
EARTH, N. 2009. Arctic Amplification. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/81214/arctic-amplification.
E., C. 1997. A trophic state index for lakes. Limnologica:1–9.
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2022. Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms. https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/climate-change-and-harmful-algal-blooms#:~:text=Toxic blue-green algae thrive,temperatures are warmer than usual.
Juneja, A., R. M. Ceballos, and G. S. Murthy. 2013. Effects of environmental factors and nutrient availability on the biochemical composition of algae for biofuels production: A review. Energies 6:4607–4638.
Macintyre, H. L., A. L. Stutes, W. L. Smith, C. P. Dorsey, Annabraham, and R. W. Dickey. 2011. Environmental correlates of community composition and toxicity during a bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Plankton Research 33:273–295.
Marquez, I. A., A. Abraham, and J. W. Krause. 2020. Organic polymer consumption facilitates domoic acid entry into the marine food web without direct ingestion of Pseudo-nitzschia. Harmful Algae 98.
Råman Vinnå, L., I. Medhaug, M. Schmid, and D. Bouffard. 2021. The vulnerability of lakes to climate change along an altitudinal gradient. Communications Earth and Environment 2.
Discussion
Alaska Nature and Science. 2022. High-latitude Climate Change. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/aknatureandscience/hi-latclimatechange.htm#:~:text=Climate change is occurring faster,helps keep the planet cool.
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2022. Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms. https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/climate-change-and-harmful-algal-blooms#:~:text=Toxic blue-green algae thrive,temperatures are warmer than usual.
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2023. The Effects: Dead Zones and Harmful Algal Blooms. https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-dead-zones-and-harmful-algal-blooms#:~:text=Dead zones are generally caused,time%2C also called algae blooms.